The aim of our publication is to provide the reader with a summary of the anatomy of the lower urinary tract and pelvic floor, to outline the physiology and pathophysiology of urination and continence, and to define individual terms. We review individual types of incontinence in women and their causes and describe the individual examination methods most frequently used in urogynecology. Subsequently, we summarize the surgical methods used to treat UI, as well as procedures to address pelvic floor defects in women. A separate chapter addresses the use of foreign implantation materials in pelvic floor reconstruction surgery, with an emphasis on selected procedures. For all of the surgical methods, we describe the technique of the procedure, evaluate possible peri- and postoperative complications, and indicate the success rate of the surgery. Next, we provide answers to frequently asked questions regarding SUI and the descent of pelvic organs. In another chapter, we address the pharmacotherapy of urinary stress incontinence, the treatment of OAB, and urgency UI in women. As a final point, we identify the most frequent errors in the pharmaceutical treatment of UI.